Volume 101, Issue 8, 2023

October 2023

Identifier:: nela.2023_101_08
Title:: Volume 101, Issue 8, 2023
Issue Name:: October 2023
Date Issued:: 2023-10-01
year:: 2023
month:: October
Season:: Autumn
PDF filename:: NL_101.08_2023_Oct_Spreads_Entire.pdf
Publisher:: Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
Format:: Periodical
volume:: 101
issue:: 08
number:: 101.08
Decade:: 2020s
Type:: PDF
Extracted Text:: magazine

$4.95

To renew your subscription or change your
address call 1-800-632-5263

I N S P I R I N G O U T D O O R A DV E N T U R E S I N C E 1 92 6

O C TO B E R 20 23

INSIDE
Sowbelly Creek and Coffee Park — Nebraska Gems
The Pawnee Scouts • Fall Park Getaways
The Baysdorfers • Choose Your Duck Limits

2

Nebraskaland • October 2023

Volume 101 No. 8
October 2023

Cover: The cold water of
C
SSowbelly Creek flows through
ffall colors and over bedrock in
tthe Pine Ridge.
JJUSTIN HAAG, NEBRASKALAND

FEATURES

20

OCTOBER MORNING ON THE NIOBRARA

26

OUTDOOR NEBRASKA

Photos and story by Gerry Steinauer

TThis page: A Canada goose
breaks free from the water’s
surface at Wehrspann Wetland
near Gretna.
JEFF KURRUS, NEBRASKALAND

What to Do in October
By Renae Blum

28

FALL PARK GETAWAYS

34

A HISTORY OF THE PAWNEE SCOUTS

36

SOWBELLY WITH COFFEE

By Renae Blum

By Mark Van de Logt

Special Names for a Special Place
Story and photos by Justin Haag

42

THE BAYSDORFERS

Nebraska’s First Aviators

By David L. Bristow, History Nebraska

48

THE SNEAKY INVASION OF NON-NATIVE CATTAILS
Story and photos by Chris Helzer

DEPARTMENTS
8
12
54
60
62

Your Nebraska
In the Field
Mixed Bag
Portraits from the Past
The Last Stop

ON THE WEB
For more articles and
information, visit
NebraskalandMagazine.com

Nebraskaland (VOL. 101 / NO. 8 ISSN 0028-1964) is published monthly, except for the combined Jan./Feb. and Aug./Sept. issues, by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, 2200 N. 33rd St.,
Lincoln, NE. Periodicals postage paid at Lincoln, Nebraska, and additional mailing offices.

4

Nebraskaland • October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

5

Magazine Staff

magazine
Published by the Nebraska Game and Parks
Commission since 1926. The Commission is
dedicated to the conservation and protection
of all the state's natural resources and the
people who use them.

Statement of ownership and monthly circulation
of Nebraskaland Magazine
Owner and publisher: Nebraska Game and Parks
Commission
Editor: Jeff Kurrus
Headquarters of Publisher and Publication:
2200 N. 33rd St., Lincoln, NE 68503
Stockholders, Bondholders, Mortgage and
Security Holders: None

Communications Director Christy Firestone
Public Relations Manager Shawna RichterRyerson
Editor Jeff Kurrus
Associate Editor Jenny Nguyen-Wheatley
Regional Editors Eric Fowler, Julie Geiser,
Justin Haag
Contributing Editor Michael Forsberg
Regular Contributors Renae Blum,
Chris Helzer, Chris Masada, Todd Mills,
Ryan Sparks, Gerry Steinauer

Average number of copies
of each issue during
preceding 12 months

A. Total Copies Printed
(net press run) ..................... 18,764 ........... 18,687
B. Paid Circulation
1. Mail subscriptions ........... 16,024 ........... 16,197
3. Single-copy sales ................1,625 ............. 1,350
C. Total Paid Circulation.......... 17,649 ........... 17,547
D. Free Distribution
by Mail ........................................318 ................ 322
D. Free Distribution
Outside the Mail ........................377 ................ 377
E. Total Free Distribution ..............695 ................ 699
F. Total Distribution ................. 18,344 ........... 18,246
G. Copies Not Distributed .............420 ................ 441
H. Total ...................................... 18,764 ........... 18,687
I. Percent Paid and/or
Requested Circulation ........ 96.21% .......... 96.17%

Art Director Tim Reigert
Graphic Designer Mel Severin
Photo Librarian Jaclyn Cruikshank Vogt

Administration
Director Tim McCoy
Deputy Director Jim Swenson
Assistant Director Roger Kuhn
Board of Commissioners
Chairman - Scott Cassels, Omaha
Vice Chairman - Doug Zingula, Sidney
2nd Vice Chairman - John Hoggatt, Kearney
Pat Berggren, Broken Bow
Rick Brandt, Roca
Ken Curry, Columbus
Dan Hughes, Venango
Donna Kush, Omaha

Circulation
For address changes and questions about your
subscription, call 800-632-5263
Advertising Sales Manager
For advertising information contact
Shane G. Gilster, 402-742-0125
Email: shanegilster@gmail.com
Nebraskaland Magazine Copyright 2023, all rights reserved.
Nebraskaland is available in audio from the Nebraska Library
Commission Talking Book and Braille Service, Suite 120, 1200 N St.,
Lincoln, NE 68508. 800-742-7691. Nebraskaland Magazine and the
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission reserve the right to reject any
advertising not in keeping with the agency mission.
Rates: $18 for one year; $33 for two years; $44 for three years. Nebraska
recipients must add appropriate sales tax. To subscribe call
1-800-NEBLAND (632-5263), or go online to:
NebraskalandMagazine.com.

Commission Offices

Conservation Officers

Headquarters and Southeast District Office
2200 N. 33rd Street / P.O. Box 30370
Lincoln, NE 68503-0370
Phone 402-471-0641 / Fax 402-471-5528

ADMINISTRATION (Lincoln)
Craig Stover (Administrator)
Duane Arp (Asst. Administrator)
Travis Shepler (Asst. Administrator)
Jeff Clauson (Asst. Administrator)

Southwest District Office
301 E. State Farm Road
North Platte, NE 69101-0430
Phone 308-535-8025 / Fax 308-535-8028
Northwest District Office
299 Husker Road / P.O. Box 725
Alliance, NE 69301-0725
Phone 308-763-2940 / Fax 308-763-2943
Northeast District Office
2201 N. 13th Street / Norfolk, NE 68701-2267
Phone 402-370-3374 / Fax 402-370-3256
Kearney Service Center
1617 First Avenue / Kearney, NE 68847-6057
Phone 308-865-5310 / Fax 308-865-5309
Bassett Service Center
524 Panzer Street / P.O. Box 508
Bassett, NE 68714-0934 / Phone 402-684-2921
Fax 402-684-2816
Omaha Service Center
8495 Frederick Street / Omaha, NE 68124-3054
Phone 402-595-2144 / Fax 402-595-2569

NORTHWEST (Includes counties covered)
Dan Kling (Lieutenant)
308-430-0572
EAST SUB-DISTRICT

Jerod Hahn (Deuel, Garden, Grant)
Hunter Lee (Keith)
Jaden Porter (Keith, Garden)
Travis Schultz (Morrill, Cheyenne)
Tyler Stueck (Keith)
Brandon Wallace (Keith)
WEST SUB-DISTRICT

308-672-1824

Justin Gress (Box Butte, Sheridan, Grant)
Hunter Pearson

308-629-9335
308-360-1817

Jacob Stoinski (Sioux, Dawes)
Josh Widhelm (Scotts Bluff)

308-615-9017
308-279-9133

(Kimball, Banner, Scotts Bluff)

(Sheridan, Dawes, Grant)

NORTHEAST (Includes counties covered)
Dale Davis (Lieutenant)
402-760-0712
NORTH SUB-DISTRICT

Jeff Jones (Sergeant)

402-762-5022

Tyler Adelman

402-314-4783

(Knox, Cedar)

Jonathan Andreasen
(Madison, Pierce, Stanton)

John Bauer (Holt, Boyd)
Mitch Johnson (Knox, Antelope, Pierce)
SOUTH SUB-DISTRICT

The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission does not discriminate
based on race, color, ethnicity, national origin, sex, pregnancy, sexual
orientation, gender identity, religion, disability, age, genetic information,
veteran status, marital status, and/or political affiliation in its programs,
activities, or employment. Any person who believes he or she has been
discriminated against in any program, activity, facility, or service,
should contact the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Lincoln, NE
402-471-0641, the Nebraska Equal Opportunity Commission, Lincoln,
NE 402-471-2024, TTY/TDD 800-642-6112; Director, Office of Diversity,
Inclusion and Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Interior, 1849 C Street,
NW, Washington, D.C. 20240.

6

Nebraskaland • October 2023

308-520-5539
308-280-4320
308-289-2274
308-279-1292
308-289-6260
308-280-4488

Sean McKeehan (Sergeant)

(Rock, Brown, Keya Paha)

OutdoorNebraska.org

402-471-5531
402-471-5531
402-471-5531
402-471-5531

402-340-3981
402-314-9257
402-613-8612

Cory Krause (Sergeant)

402-380-6410

Kelbi Abke (Washington, Burt)
Matt Costello (Dodge, Colfax)
Nicholas Fix (Dixon, Dakota, Thurston)
Mark McDonald (Dodge)
Kyler Prochaska (Platte, Colfax)

402-237-2537
402-317-4014
402-508-0261
402-805-2353
402-830-8278

(Cuming, Wayne, Stanton)

CENTRAL (Includes counties covered)
Mike Thome (Lieutenant)
308-293-8746
NORTH SUB-DISTRICT

Doug Pollard (Sergeant)

308-730-7050

Matt Brandt (Sherman, Howard)

308-202-0819

(Loup, Garfield, Valley)

Single issue
nearest to
filing date

Klint Gill (Nance, Wheeler, Boone)
Daryl Teter (Howard, Greeley, Merrick)
SOUTH SUB-DISTRICT

402-613-5800
308-440-1863

Matt Taylor (Sergeant)

402-200-9597

Pat George (Harlan, Franklin, Phelps)
Eric Javins (Adams, Clay, Webster)
Ethan Teter (Buffalo, Kearney)
Tim Williams (Hall, Hamilton, York)

308-920-2762
402-902-2017
308-440-3847
308-380-7331

(Thayer, Fillmore, Nuckolls)

SOUTHWEST (Includes counties covered)
Brian Piernicky (Lieutenant)
308-330-8780
NORTH SUB-DISTRICT

Ray Dierking (Custer, Thomas, Blaine)
Alex Hasenauer (Lincoln, Perkins)
Greg Hesse

308-870-0322
308-660-4671
308-546-7464

Frank Miller (Cherry, Hooker)
Brandon O’Neal

402-389-0444
308-530-3157

(Hooker, Thomas, southern Cherry)

(Lincoln, McPherson, Logan)

SOUTH SUB-DISTRICT

Taylor Dixon (Dawson, Gosper)
Kelsey Glodowski

308-217-2108
308-763-8226

Sophia Gobber

308-222-0368

Bryce Streger (Dawson, Gosper, Custer)

308-537-0404

(Dundy, Hitchcock)

(Chase, Dundy, Hayes, Hitchcock)

SOUTHEAST (Includes counties covered)
Stacey Lewton (Lieutenant)
402-890-7140
EAST SUB-DISTRICT

Heath Packett (Sergeant)

402-210-0888

Bryan Adams

402-429-1924

Brian Arp (Douglas, Sarpy)
Rich Berggren (Douglas)
Mike Luben (Saunders, Butler)
Russell Mort (Otoe, Johnson)

531-530-9011
402-619-1355
402-443-6392
402-209-1506

(Cass)

(Nemaha, Pawnee, Richardson)

WEST SUB-DISTRICT

Dina Barta (Lancaster)
Luis Nuñez (Lancaster)
Curt Prohaska (Lancaster)
Matt Seitz (Gage, Jefferson)
Trevor Stahlecker (Lancaster, Saline)
Mark Sullivan (Lancaster, Seward, Butler)

402-890-6463
531-333-6093
402-470-1298
402-806-0915
402-314-9641
402-741-0636

YOUR NEBRASKA
Instagram Photos
Follow us @nebraskaland
and tag us in your photos
to be featured in an
upcoming issue.

Maria Julie Borer, Omaha
Barred Owl

Jeffrey Berridge, Winnebago
Dancers from the Omaha Nation

Roger Richters, Utica
A Train Through Staplehurst
8

Nebraskaland • October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

9

YOUR NEBRASKA

Joshua Redwine, Lincoln
Sunset at Bluestem State Recreation Area

Curt Blum, Lincoln
The Milky Way at Minatare

Jim Harriger, Omaha
Juvenile Bald Eagle and Blue Jay — After the Fight

Send your comments and
photos to:
Jeff Kurrus, Editor
Nebraskaland Magazine
P.O. Box 30370
Lincoln, NE 68503
or email Jeff.Kurrus@Nebraska.gov
Please include your postal address
and telephone number. Letters
may be condensed and edited.
Photographs are also welcome.
10

Nebraskaland • October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

11

IN THE FIELD

ROUNDTOP
An October sunrise at
Roundtop, a landform
on the Oglala National
Grassland in Sioux County.
JU
JUST
USTIN
N HAAG, NEB
NEBRASK
RASK
SKALAN
A
ALAN
D

12

Nebraskaland • October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

13

IN THE FIELD

Conservation officer Kyle Gaston checks the permit of waterfowl hunter Todd Mills of Gretna after a teal hunt in York County.
JEFF KURRUS, NEBRASKALAND

WHAT PERMIT MUST I CARRY?
By Jeff Kurrus

On your next pre-hunting season shopping trip, do you
need to add printer paper to the list? Or can you simply access
your permits through your mobile device? In Nebraska, it
depends on what you’re hunting.

conservation officer. The number will print on any applicable
permits purchased after registration. However, while no
printed copy is required, knowing that number is necessary.

Print Big

If hunting on state park lands, a park permit sticker is
required on the windshield of your vehicle.

When hunting Nebraska’s big game species — deer, elk
and antelope — a printed permit must be carried on your
person while hunting.

Go Mobile
This is where it gets easy. If you’re not hunting one of the
big game species listed above, then all of your permits can
be displayed in the GoOutdoorsNE mobile app or saved on
your mobile device. That includes small game, fish, resident
fur harvest, and waterfowl and habitat stamps. Turkey
permits are no different. For turkeys, this permit also must
be cancelled via online Telecheck.

You Must Be HIP
Nebraska’s Harvest Information Program allows biologists
to gather survey information for dove, duck, goose, snipe, rail,
coot and woodcock hunters each year. Hunters must register
for a number online and know this number if asked by a
14

Nebraskaland • October 2023

Park Permits

But It’s My Land

Landowner permits fall under the same regulations for
printing big game permits and going mobile with the rest.

The Feds
If hunting ducks or geese, a federal duck stamp is required.
If purchased online, an Electronic Duck Stamp receipt allows
customers to purchase the stamp and use it immediately.
It’s valid 45 days from the date of purchase. After 45 days,
customers must carry the signed Federal Duck Stamp on
their person while hunting.
This hunting season, pay attention to these rules to ensure
that when you see a conservation officer coming your way,
the only thing you’ll be thinking about is sharing stories of
your great day afield.

IN THE FIELD

The Tiers
A pilot program that began in 2021 sought
to grow the number of waterfowl hunters
through the creation of two bag-limit
categories, or “tiers,” which may be selected
when duck hunters obtain their Harvest
Information Program numbers.
Tier I
The first category, Tier I, is the traditional
six-duck limit, including all species and
sex requirements. The possession limit
of three times the daily bag limit, or 18
ducks, will apply. Find the complete set of
requirements in the current Small Game
and Waterfowl Guide.

be known until the numbers are crunched at the end of
the four-year pilot program. But the numbers, as well as
comments submitted by participants, show the system is
indeed attracting new hunters to the sport, McKinney said.
The trio of educators from Tilden didn’t shoot a duck the
year they signed up for Tier II. Similar to other hunters, warm
weather and dry wetlands meant fewer ducks stopped in
Nebraska, and they had minimal chances. But they learned a
lot and did harvest a few geese, and last fall, opted for Tier 1
and the traditional bag limit.
“We just decided if that’s what it is, and if we’re going to go
shoot one or two ducks, we didn’t feel like we were going to
be at risk of shooting too many of the same species,” Black
said.
“Plus, it gives us a reason to learn to identify ducks better,”
Hahne added, adding another win to this two-tier program.

Tier II
The second category, or Tier II, is a
three-duck limit with no species or sex
restrictions. Hunters will be able to harvest
three ducks of any legal species. The
possession limit of three times the daily
bag limit, or nine ducks, will apply. A HIP
number will be required to choose this
category.

Darin Hahne, Rusty Rautenberg and Brandon Black of Tilden hunt ducks on a beaver pond at Red Wing Wildlife Management
Area in Antelope County. ERIC FOWLER, NEBRASKALAND

CHOOSE YOUR DUCK LIMITS
By Eric Fowler

Prior to 2021, Brandon Black had never hunted ducks.
Rusty Rautenberg had, but only occasionally with family.
Darin Hahne hadn’t since he was in college.
An invitation from a seasoned hunter convinced the trio,
all of whom work at Elkhorn Valley Schools in Tilden, to
get into, or back into, waterfowl hunting. Their hunt also
coincided with the creation of a two-tier duck bag limit
system, which hunters can choose a bag limit that doesn’t
require them to accurately identify ducks on the wing,
making it easy for them to strike out on their own.
“That helped a ton last year just because we didn’t have
to worry about identifying everything at the beginning,”
Hahne said during a hunt last fall.
Participation in waterfowl hunting declined by 52 percent
in Nebraska and South Dakota from 1999 to 2019. In
Nebraska, that amounted to 464 fewer hunters per year. The
average age of a waterfowl hunter also continued to increase.
In an effort to stabilize or grow numbers, which in turn
16

Nebraskaland • October 2023

supports migratory birds and habitat, research identified
three main barriers to waterfowl hunting: lack of places to go,
complex regulations and difficulty identifying duck species
in flight. The latter isn’t easy, especially early in the season
in Nebraska, when many birds aren’t yet sporting their bright
breeding plumage.
“If you’re out there a lot, you can see the difference in
flight, shape and plumage patterns and color,” said John
McKinney, waterfowl program manager with the Nebraska
Game and Parks Commission. “But to a novice hunter, that’s
just a brown duck coming in.”
Some people simply don’t want to chance shooting a duck
they shouldn’t, so they don’t hunt at all. That led biologists
in Nebraska and South Dakota to work with the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service to develop the two-tier system in hopes of
encouraging young hunters to try waterfowling and older
ones to return. Prior to the season, when hunters register
for the Harvest Information Program, required for anyone

hunting ducks, geese, doves, coot, snipe, rail or woodcock,
they can choose the tier that fits their ability or preference.
Tier I hunters can harvest six ducks with certain species
and sex restrictions. Tier II hunters can harvest three ducks
without the restrictions.
During the 2022-2023 duck season, the second for the
four-year pilot program, 3,228 hunters, 12 percent of those
who registered, chose the Tier II limit, which was higher
than expected. According to surveys returned by selected
participants, about 1,000 of those individuals actually
hunted ducks, averaging 3.6 days in the field and harvesting
4.5 ducks for the entire season, about one-fourth of the
harvest of the Tier I hunters.
As expected, 18- to 25-year-olds comprised the largest
portion of Tier II participants, but they made up only 15
percent of the total. Participation was spread across all
age groups, and the number of hunters 60 and older was a
pleasant surprise, a fact that could be attributed to those
hunters’ aging eyesight as much as their identification skills.
The trio from Tilden are in their 40s and 50s, groups that
were well represented.
“This was designed as a recruitment tool, but it might end
up being more of a reactivation tool, where you have people
who used to waterfowl hunt, but, for whatever reason, got
out of it, and this is an easier way for them to come back in,”
McKinney said.
How many new waterfowl hunters were added won’t

Rautenberg admires a drake wood duck he harvested at
Red Wing WMA. ERIC FOWLER, NEBRASKALAND
October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

17

IN THE FIELD

These Argentinian empanadas are filled with dove and pork.

JENNY NGUYEN-WHEATLEY, NEBRASKALAND

DOVE EMPANADAS
By Jenny Nguyen-Wheatley
Empanadas are Latin America’s
version of the turnover, usually
filled with savory ingredients rather
than sweet. It was first brought to
Central and South America by the
Spanish, and today, there are as many
versions of the empanada as there are
grandmothers in any given region.
The version I’m offering is associated
with Buenos Aires, the capital and
largest city of Argentina. The carne
suave empanada is typically filled
with minced ground meat, peppers
and onion, and many recipes include
raisins for a touch of sweetness and
green olives for a burst of briny flavor.
Any ground meat will work in this
recipe.
Servings: 15-18 empanadas
Prep Time: 40 minutes
Cooking Time: 1 hour
Ingredients:
1
⁄2 pound of ground dove breasts
1
⁄2 pound fatty ground pork
2 packages of Goya Empanada
Dough (20 discs)
Vegetable oil for deep frying

•
•
•
•
18

Nebraskaland • October 2023

• 1 red bell pepper, diced
• 1 medium onion, diced
• 1 tsp. ground cumin
• 1 tbs. sweet paprika
• 1 ⁄ tsp. dried oregano
• 4 cloves garlic, minced
• Pinch of cayenne pepper
• 1 ⁄ tsp. kosher salt, plus extra
• Freshly cracked black pepper
• ⁄ cup low-sodium chicken
• ⁄ cup golden raisins
• 5 Spanish Queen green olives,
1

1

3
1

2

2

4

3

rinsed and coarsely chopped

1. Thaw empanada dough in the
refrigerator overnight. When ready to
cook, heat 1 tablespoon of oil in a large
skillet over medium-high heat. Spread
out ground dove and pork into the
skillet and allow the bottom to form
a crust before stirring and cooking
the rest of the way. Then lower heat
to medium. Transfer meat to a plate
or bowl with a slotted spoon and set
aside.
2. In the same pan, add an
additional tablespoon of oil, onion,

bell pepper and a pinch of salt. Sauté
until softened, but do not brown. Then
stir in cumin, paprika, oregano and
garlic for 30 seconds. Next, return
ground meat to the skillet and season
with about 1½ teaspoon of kosher
salt, freshly cracked black pepper and
cayenne pepper to taste. Add chicken
stock and simmer until mixture
is no longer watery, but still moist,
stirring occasionally. Take off heat.
Stir in coarsely chopped olives (about
¼ cup) and raisins. Allow mixture
to cool before filling empanadas.
Mixture could be made a couple days
in advance.
3. Place about 2 heaping tablespoons
of cooled filling onto each disc of
empanada dough. Brush the edge
with water and fold over to form half
circles. Crimp with a fork. Heat frying
oil to 325-350 degrees Fahrenheit. Fry
empanadas in batches until golden
on both sides and drain. Keep warm
in an oven and serve hot. To reheat
empanadas, pop them in a 350-degree
oven for a few minutes.
October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

19

October
Morning
on the
Niobrara
Photos and story by
Gerry Steinauer, Botanist
n an early October day last year, dawn arrived cool and
crisp on the central Niobrara River. Although the sun
was still below the horizon, its rays painted the eastern
sky a light blue and the scattered clouds muted reds and
purples. When the orb peaked above the skyline, the bluﬀ
tops were first to be illuminated, then the sunlight slowly
slid down the valley flanks, finally settling in the floodplain,
where it flashed the autumn-yellow leaves of ash and
cottonwoods to glittering gold.
Unlike the floodplain trees, the bur oaks growing on the
river terraces and in bluﬀ ravines showed only a hint of
fall color, a slight browning between the leaf veins. The
hardy oaks had previously dropped their acorns, and earlyrising squirrels scurried about the forest floor gathering and
stashing the bounty as winter fare. Some of the rodent-buried
nuts would sprout roots yet that fall.
In the nearby prairie, frost clung to the dried, browned
stems and leaves of grasses and the still-green leaves of late
wildflowers, mostly sunflowers, goldenrods and asters. A few
of the flowers held lingering blooms; it would be a race to
create seed before succumbing to the harder frosts to come.
As daylight filled the valley, a white-tailed deer, after a long
night of foraging, waded into the river’s shallows and drank
before bedding down for the day. Meanwhile, downstream, a
lone Canada goose rose from its sandbar roost and flew low
up the braided stream, its shrill honking announcing to all
that morning had arrived on the Niobrara. N

O

20

Nebraskaland • October 2023

Early morning sunlight highlights the autumn colors of the central Niobrara River Valley. The red-leaved shrub on the bluﬀ is
smooth sumac and the yellow-leaved tree on the floodplain is cottonwood.

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

21

CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT:
A white-tailed deer wanders through
the river’s shallows, occasionally
pausing to drink.
A morning mist rising from the river
tempers the sunlight shining on a
bluﬀ-top ponderosa pine.
Acorns litter the floor of a bur oak
woodland.
A basswood leaf lies partially
submerged in a spring-fed stream that
flows from the Niobrara’s south bluﬀ
onto the floodplain.

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

23

ABOVE: Light reflects oﬀ the clouds
and onto the Niobrara River at
dawn.
LEFT: Frost clings to the leaves and
flowers of Texas croton, a wildflower
of sandy soils.
RIGHT: A spider’s web stretches
between the dried seed pods of
shell-leaf penstemon, a common
wildflower of prairies throughout
the state.

Gerry Steinauer is a botanist
with the Nebraska Game and Parks
Commission and a regular contributor
to Nebraskaland. His first article
appeared in the December 1990 issue.

24

Nebraskaland • October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

25

Outdoor Nebraska
By Renae Blum

Ah, fall. Make the most of this beautiful time of year, through hunting, fishing and
enjoying seasonal state park events. There’s plenty out there to enjoy. N

Look for galls
June through April | Statewide
Ever seen a bump or growth on a
plant? It may have been a gall, an
abnormal plant growth often caused
by insects feeding on or laying eggs
on the plant. The most common galls
can be found on leaves, but they also
form on stems and twigs, as well as
buds and flowers. If you’re not sure if
you’ve found a gall, you
can cut it open; you
may see a larva or pupa
inside, or it may be
hollow and filled with
frass, or insect poop,
left behind.

What to Do in October
Fall fishing
Throughout the month |
Statewide
Many anglers feel the best
open-water fishing of the
year is upon us. Nebraska’s
fish feed heavily this month,
getting ready for the winter
and starting to develop
eggs and milt for next year’s
spawn. With less activity and
competition on the water, it’s
the perfect time to keep your
open-water tackle ready a bit
longer.
ERIC FOWLER, NEBRASKALAND

Youth pheasant season
Oct. 21-22 | Statewide
Know someone age 15 or younger who would enjoy pursuing
pheasants? Take them into the field for youth pheasant season,
giving them the valuable experience they need to create a lifelong
love of this game bird. To learn more, visit OutdoorNebraska.gov and
search “upland hunting.”

CHRIS HELZER

ERIC FOWLER, NEBRASKALAND

Haunted Camping at
Enders
Oct. 28-29 | Enders State Recreation Area
Get in the Halloween spirit! Make plans to camp at
Area A and enter the camper/campsite decorating
contest. Other activities this weekend include a
haunted trail, games, hayrack ride and pumpkincarving and costume contests.
ERIC FOWLER, NEBRASKALAND

Living History
Weekend at Arbor
Lodge
Oct. 14-15, 11 a.m. – 4 p.m.
Arbor Lodge State Historical Park
Peek into Nebraska’s past with this special
living history weekend, which focuses on the
history and talents of the men and women of
Arbor Lodge. Explore topics such as farming,
business, painting, sewing, needlework,
cooking, entertaining, education, railroads
and more.
JENNY NGUYEN-WHEATLEY, NEBRASKALAND

26

Nebraskaland • October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

27

Fall

The sun rises over the confluence of the
Niobrara and Missouri Rivers at Niobrara State
Park in Knox County.
ERIC FOWLER, NEBRASKALAND

Park
Getaways

F

By Renae Blum

all has returned with cool breezes, turning
leaves and plentiful opportunities to get
outdoors. Here are nine Nebraska state park
or recreation areas that are prime spots to
book a stay and enjoy a fall getaway.

Niobrara State Park
Niobrara State Park is a hidden gem in northcentral Nebraska overlooking the confluence of
the Missouri and Niobrara rivers; it’s perfect for
relaxing and recharging in a peaceful, natural
setting. This park of rolling hills and trees is also
a mecca for wildlife viewing in the fall. Enjoy tent
or equestrian camping with scenic river views,
RV camping in the modern campground or stay
in one of the park’s 20 cabins. Each cabin is fully
furnished with a kitchen, bathroom with shower
and two or three bedrooms. The screened-in porch
is perfect for watching the sunrise or sunset while
enjoying your cup of joe or a nightcap.
No matter which overnight stay you choose,
remember to bring camp games and enjoy a
barbecue with the grill and picnic table provided
at your spot. Be sure to make time to enjoy the
many miles of trails, wildlife viewing and fishing
on the river.

Platte River State Park
Quaint Platte River State Park is nestled halfway
between Nebraska’s two largest cities: Lincoln
and Omaha. The park offers a quiet getaway at a
modern cabin, glamping cabin or the new stateof-the-art RV campground. Visitors can enjoy the
fall colors and wildlife viewing opportunities on
more than 14 miles of hiking and biking trails.
Children will also enjoy the new playground and
28

Nebraskaland • October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

29

TOP LEFT: Fall color at cabins at WeigandBurbach campground area of Lewis and
Clark State Recreation Area.
ERIC FOWLER, NEBRASKALAND

TOP RIGHT: Ponca State Park’s mini-lodge
cabins offer year-round accommodations.
JEFF KURRUS, NEBRASKALAND

MIDDLE RIGHT: Fall color and leaves at
Shady Bay Campground at Medicine
Creek SRA. JULIE GEISER, NEBRASKALAND
BOTTOM RIGHT: A tipi is on display at
Platte River State Park in Cass County.
ERIC FOWLER, NEBRASKALAND

zipline swing.
Other activities at the park include picnicking, fishing,
recreational sports activities or climbing the observation
tower. The Roger G. Sykes Heritage Education Complex offers
both novice and experienced shooters the opportunity to
practice archery and firearm shooting as well.

Lewis and Clark State Recreation Area
The south side of Lewis and Clark State Recreation Area
offers 10 lakeshore cabins with beautiful views of the lake,
as well as shoreline fishing. Each cabin features a kitchen,
living room, bathroom with shower and two bedrooms.
These fully-furnished cabins have a covered front porch, fire
ring — and beautiful sunsets. The rock fishing jetties are
close to the cabins, providing anglers the opportunity to fish
from shore. The park also offers electric and basic camping
in several campgrounds along the lake. For boat owners, fall
fishing is a perfect time to enjoy the state’s second largest
lake. During your stay, hike the trails, watch for wildlife and
visit Gavins Point Dam.

Ponca State Park
Ponca State Park in northeastern Nebraska is a fall
getaway must — a peaceful locale to enjoy great lodging
accommodations, forested hills, scenic vistas, wildlife and
30

Nebraskaland • October 2023

Missouri River access. The park is among wooded bluffs
along the river and offers breathtaking views and fall foliage.
Ponca has a variety of camping options, from tents and
cabins to RV camping, as well as 10 Tentrr sites, a ready-togo camping option you’ll want to try. The cabins are fully
equipped and have all the furnishings of home, and the park’s
1.5-acre pond is stocked with trout each fall. Hike the 22 miles
of wooded trails throughout the park, fish the pond for your
trout dinner, or practice archery with 3D targets at the Eric
Wiebe Memorial Shooting Complex. On Saturday mornings,
stop by the shooting complex to learn a new outdoor skill or
take part in educational activities in the afternoon.
Places of interest nearby include shopping, restaurants
and wineries. Golfers, bring your clubs and enjoy the ninehole Highland Oaks golf course adjacent to the park.

Medicine Creek State Recreation Area
Medicine Creek State Recreation Area is full of opportunities
for fall fun, whether fishing, hunting or both. The shoreline
cabins and campground give you a great base camp for both
activities. The four cabins are fully furnished and have two
bedrooms each, set along the shoreline of the 1,768-acre
lake. The campground at Medicine Creek offers both electric
campsites and basic tent camping. Take this opportunity to
escape the crowds and recharge in a peaceful setting.
October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

31

Chadron State Park

Victoria Springs State Recreation Area

Nebraska’s first state park, Chadron State Park is nestled
among the scenic buttes and canyons of Nebraska’s Pine
Ridge. Since its founding more than a century ago, it’s
remained a popular spot for camping, family reunions
and old-fashioned vacations. Activities include fishing in
Chadron Creek and the park pond, hiking, biking, playing
tennis and target shooting.
The park offers 22 fully-furnished cabins, each with
two bedrooms, a bathroom with shower, kitchenette and
outdoor charcoal grill and picnic table. Chadron State Park
also offers electric campsites and basic tent sites. Smell the
pine trees or view the stars when you sit outside your cabin
or campsite.

Described as an oasis in the Sandhills, this 60-acre park
is a great place to get away from it all — and would make a
great writer’s retreat. It is filled with history: Two original log
cabins built by a homesteader are still standing, and the area
is named after the mineral springs that once supplied bottled
water across the country.
In addition to these historic buildings and the scenic
setting, Victoria Springs also offers fishing, boating,
picnicking and paddleboating. Two cabins are available, as
well as RV and tent camping. N
For more information about these parks, or to make a
reservation, visit OutdoorNebraska.gov.
TOP LEFT: Katrina Fairgood, daughter Noriah, and
friend Alijah Wilson hike the walking trail at Eugene T.
Mahoney State Park in Cass County. JEFF KURRUS, NEBRASKALAND
BOTTOM LEFT: Caroline Ottino of Pueblo, Colorado,
rides horseback at Lovers Leap Butte on the eastern
edge of Fort Robinson State Park in Dawes County.

Eugene T. Mahoney State Park
Mahoney is a perfect destination for a fall getaway, with
plenty of activities to delight all ages. The park has 57
cabins, and the Peter Kiewit Lodge’s 40 guest rooms offer
stunning views and immersion in the Platte River Valley. For
those who like to camp, Mahoney offers 148 campsites and
modern facilities.
During your stay, hike or bike the paved trail winding
through the park or get off-road and traverse the wooded hills
of the park. Also, make sure to climb the 75-foot observation
tower to enjoy the view of the Platte River Valley. With
fewer visitors in the fall, there’s a great opportunity for
wildlife viewing and bird watching, and you can fish 10-acre
CenturyLink Lake or Baright Lake, which is 4 acres. If the
weather doesn’t cooperate, come inside the Owen Marina
Craft Center or the park’s Activity Center where there is an
indoor playground and rock climbing.

PHOTO COURTESY OF DORIA PEREZ

TOP RIGHT: Girls play near water at Victoria Springs
campground. JULIE GEISER, NEBRASKALAND
BOTTOM RIGHT: An Airstream camper at Chadron
State Park’s campground in the fall. JUSTIN HAAG, NEBRASKALAND

Fort Robinson State Park
Fall provides a serene time of year at Fort Rob when you
can discover historical sites, museums and more than 22,000
acres of beautiful Pine Ridge land for hiking, biking and
horseback riding. Fort Robinson also offers fishing at several
renovated ponds, Soldier Creek and the White River. There’s
wildlife viewing, too — everything from pronghorn, deer,
and turkey to some great birdwatching.
Guests can stay in historic lodging once used by soldiers
and officers stationed at the fort. Comanche Hall can sleep
as many as 60 people under one roof, making this park a
great choice for family reunions. If you’re seeking a camping
experience, Fort Robinson’s campgrounds offer everything
from full-service RV to basic tent camping. An equestrian
campground allows riders to haul in their own horses or mules.
32

Nebraskaland • October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

33

A History of the
Pawnee Scouts

Scouts relied on their own tactics,
which utilized the element of surprise
and disguise. They also practiced
their own war-related ceremonies and
customs while in the field. Attempts
by some white officers to drill scouts
like soldiers were resisted by both the
scouts and North.
Individual Pawnees continued to
serve as scouts at times when the
battalion was inactive. They did
more than guide troops through
enemy territory — the scouts also
spearheaded attacks against enemy
encampments, carried dispatches,
protected railroad workers and, on
several occasions, saved military
troops from disaster on the battlefield.

By Mark van de Logt

T

he warm summer air on July 30,
1868, was thick with bullets,
arrows and the noise of charging
Lakota warriors as Major Frank
North sought shelter under a low cliff.
Cut off from the rest of his command
of Pawnee Scouts, his situation was

dire.
Then, Ke wuck oo lah la shar, which
translates to Fox Chief, arrived with
other Pawnee Scouts.
“I found Major North and another
white officer hiding under a cliff,” Fox
Chief recalled many years later. “Major
North told me that I had saved them
when I came upon them.”
On that day, Major North, buoyed
by little hostile activity that year,
had taken some scouts toward the
Republican River to hunt bison. While
chasing the herd, he was surprised
by a Lakota-Cheyenne war party. Fox
Chief and his friends, who patrolled
the Union Pacific Railroad between
Wood River Station and Julesburg,
Colorado, as part of their service,
arrived just in time.
An estimated 1,000 Pawnees served
as military allies of the United States
between 1864 and 1877, and their
military service will be honored at
“The Pawnee at Fort Kearny: Share
the History, Share the Harvest” on Oct.
7 at Fort Kearny State Historical Park.
The 2023 harvest of Pawnee crops also
will be celebrated.

Valuable Allies
Fox Chief — later called Ruling His Sun
after he moved to Oklahoma in 1873
— and other Pawnee Scouts saved the
life of Major Frank North at least once
during their U.S. military service.
GILCREASE MUSEUM, TULSA OK

34

Nebraskaland • October 2023

Pawnee Scouts’ service was
made possible by the 1866 Army
Reorganization Act, which authorized
the Quartermaster Department to
annually enlist Native “scouts,”
furnish them with guns, horses and
uniforms, and pay them the same as

Not For Everyone
A studio portrait of As-Sau-Taw-Ka
(White Horse), a Pawnee scout. 1870
circa. WILLIAM HENRY JACKSON, RG2065

regular troops. Fox Chief was among
them; he was nearly 40 years old in
February 1868 when he enlisted as a
Pawnee Scout by adding his mark on
the muster rolls.
“I had a bluish army suit and a black
hat,” Fox Chief later recalled. “My hat
had a couple of short swords across
the front of it [but] I had no stripes on
my pants or on my arms.”
The Pawnee Scouts were valuable
allies because of their knowledge
of terrain, familiarity with Lakota
and Cheyenne military tactics, and
endurance and hardiness in battle.
They eventually were placed under
the command of Frank North, a
civilian, because he spoke the Pawnee
language.
The Pawnee Battalion’s service
included guarding Union Pacific
Railroad workers in 1867-68, and
participating in the 1865 Powder
River, 1869 Republican River and
1876 Powder River campaigns. Major
battles were won against the Arapaho
at Tongue River in 1865, and the
Cheyennes at Plum Creek in 1867 and
Summit Springs in 1869.

However, not all government
officials were happy to see Pawnees
in uniforms. Quaker agents believed
military service hindered their efforts
to create peace between Indian
tribes and attempts to assimilate the
Pawnees.
When the battalion was not
re-activated between 1870 and
1875, the Pawnees’ enemies enacted
revenge. On Aug. 5, 1873, Brule and
Oglala Lakota warriors surprised
nearly 400 Pawnee hunters under
former Pawnee scout Ti-ra-wa-hut
Re-sa-ru, or Sky Chief, near presentday Trenton.
The Pawnee warriors were greatly
outnumbered, and after several hours
of relentless fighting, at least 69
Pawnees lay dead. According to one
account, Sky Chief killed his infant
son so the baby wouldn’t be killed and
mutilated by the Sioux. Sky Chief died
while defending his people, and other
victims at Massacre Canyon included
Fox Chief’s wife and daughter.
Despite desiring revenge, Fox Chief
did not sign up for the 1876 campaign
that culminated in the “Dull Knife
Fight,” during which the Pawnee
Scouts and their U.S. allies inflicted
a decisive defeat on the Cheyennes.
Perhaps he wished to enlist, but
Major North rejected him due to his

A portrait of Pawnee military scouts, known as the North Brothers’ Boys for their
service with the North Brothers (Frank and Luther North). From left: Roam Chief,
Knife Chief, Charley Brave Chief and Young Chief, 1869. HERBERT CODY BLAKE, RG2065

advanced age.

Disbanded
When the Pawnee Battalion was
disbanded in 1877, the United States
soon forgot the scouts’ sacrifices. Many
scouts struggled to get government
pensions for their military service.
That included Fox Chief, whose
name was changed after moving
to Oklahoma in 1873. People began
calling him Ruling His Sun; by 1928,
Ruling His Sun couldn’t remember
who gave him that name and, by then,
most Pawnees called him Osage.
The name confusion frustrated his
attempt to secure a military pension.
It took a special act from Congress
to grant him a $20-a-month pension
in 1924. The rate increased to $50
shortly before he died on Oct. 4, 1928,
at nearly 100 years old.
Ruling His Sun remained fiercely
proud of his Pawnee and scout heritage.
In 1925, despite his age, he had to

be restrained from fighting several
Lakota delegates at the anniversary of
the tragedy at Massacre Canyon.
Today, the Pawnee people remember
him and fellow raaripákusu’ as the
first Pawnee-American patriots. N
Mark van de Logt is an associate
professor of history at Texas A&M
University at Qatar and author of “War
Party in Blue, Pawnee Scouts in the U.S.
Army.”
On Oct. 7 from 9 a.m. to
5 p.m., Fort Kearny State
Historical Park and Fort Kearny
State Recreation Area will host
the “Share the History, Share
the Harvest” event honoring the
estimated 1,000 Pawnees who
served as U.S. military allies
from 1864-1877. There is no
admission fee, but a Nebraska
State Park entry permit is
required at both sites.

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

35

Sowbelly with Coﬀee
Special Names for a Special Place
Story and photos by Justin Haag

The scenery alone is worth a trip to this
spot in the Pine Ridge. Don’t forget the
fishing rod, though.

An aerial view of Coﬀee Park in Sowbelly Canyon in the Pine Ridge area of Sioux County in northwestern Nebraska.

36

Nebraskaland

• October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

37

W

ithout knowing better, the
name might lead some to
assume Sowbelly Creek is
a stream of manure oozing
from a pig farm. Far from it.
The clear, babbling brook between
rugged sandstone buttes in Sioux
County represents the best attributes of
northwestern Nebraska’s Pine Ridge. If
it were not located in one of the state’s
most sparsely populated regions, visitors
would surely overrun it. As it is, though,
the locals and few others who venture to
this spot 3½ miles northeast of Harrison
bask in the quiet serenity of a site rich
with aesthetics and history.
Sowbelly creek, canyon and road were
named for a supposed incident involving
Fort Robinson back when it was an
important base for the U.S. cavalry and
not the bustling state park of today.
Legend has it that Fort Robinson

ABOVE: The cool water of Sowbelly Creek, originating from springs not far away, flows over a small waterfall while autumn
colors dominate the scene.
LEFT: A bumblebee visits a great blue
lobelia flower at Coﬀee Park.

38

Nebraskaland

• October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

39

military scouts of the late 1800s hid for
days in the creek’s vicinity while being
pursued by Native Americans. When
united with a rescue party, the hungry
scouts were provided salty bacon,
often referred to then as “sowbelly.”
Quality aside, a meal is surely notable
if a creek is later named for it.
Visitors can access about a half-mile
of the creek at the 160-acre Coﬀee
Park. Contrary to any insinuations
of the name, a barista is not serving
up hot drinks there. Coﬀee Park is
named for a prominent ranch family
instrumental in settling the region:
specifically Guy H. “Chick” and Ila
Coﬀee, the property’s previous owners.
Ila donated the property to the village
of Harrison in 1972, the year Chick
died. The property was developed in
the next four years with money from
the Land and Water Conservation
Fund and donations. The village
owns and maintains the park, which
features playground equipment, vault
toilets and picnic shelters accented
with stone harvested nearby.
The clear, spring-fed coldwater
stream has naturally reproducing
brown trout and is occasionally stocked
with other species. It has long been
attractive to anglers, but even more so
since the Game and Parks Commission
completed a $40,000 aquatic habitat
project there in 2022 with a grant from
the Nebraska Environmental Trust.
Where before the stream flowed
just a few inches deep, it now moves
over rock riﬄes and into pools up to
5 feet deep. At bends in the stream,
anglers now find logs, rocks and other
structures that not only prevent
erosion but also attract fish.
Three new walk-through Y-gates
allow anglers access to the entire
public portion of stream without
having to cross the barbed-wire fence.
Signage has been added at the property
boundaries to deter park visitors from
trespassing on adjacent private land.
After the creek descends through the

40

Nebraskaland

• October 2023

ABOVE: A cottonwood log, harvested from downed timber on site, is among the
habitat and erosion control features added to Sowbelly Creek in 2022.
TOP RIGHT: Vance Haug of Chadron reels in a brown trout from Sowbelly Creek.
BOTTOM RIGHT: A brown trout is returned to the cool water of Sowbelly Creek.
Brooks and rainbows also have been stocked in the creek, and cutthroats are
being considered.

Pine Ridge, it flows into the grasslands
to the north before eventually
joining Warbonnet Creek — another
northwestern Nebraska attraction
with rich history and a distinctive
name. That’s a whole other story.
People can access Coﬀee Park by
turning east onto Sowbelly Road from
Monroe Canyon Road one-half mile
north of Harrison. Another scenic
way, there is Pants Butte Road that
intersects U.S. Highway 20 4 miles

east of Harrison. The route provides
incredible views as it winds down the
ridge and intersects with Sowbelly
Road to the left at the bottom.
The roads are dirt and people are
wise to visit when they are dry. No
one wants to be stuck in this country,
with or without an ample supply of
sowbelly and coﬀee. N
To learn more about Sowbelly Creek and

Coﬀee Park, visit OutdoorNebraska.gov.

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

41

The Baysdorfers
Nebraska’s First Aviators

RIGHT: Charles Baysdorfer’s
first airplane flight, Waterloo,
Nebraska. Omaha WorldHerald, Nov. 27, 1910.

By David L. Bristow, History Nebraska
hen Charles Baysdorfer prepared for takeoff near
Waterloo, he was piloting a homebuilt biplane on
its maiden flight, but he hadn’t taken any lessons or
flown in an airplane before. Manufactured planes and
professional training were hard to come by in 1910.
On that day, Nov. 21, however, Baysdorfer became the first
Nebraskan pilot and the first to fly a Nebraska-built plane.
No one who knew Charles and his brothers would have been
at all surprised.
The sons of German immigrants, the Baysdorfer brothers —
Otto, Charles and Gus — moved with their parents to Omaha
from Davenport, Iowa, in 1887. Otto opened a bicycle shop
and learned to repair electrical motors. When local merchant
Emil Brandeis bought the city’s first “horseless carriage” in
1895, Otto and his younger brothers began designing their
own. Built entirely of locally fabricated parts designed by
the brothers, the “Ottomobile” was completed in 1898 and
became the first Nebraska-built car.
“Instead of a radiator, they had a water tank under the
seat,” the Omaha World-Herald reported on Nov. 27, 1910,

W

“and after the car had gone a few miles, this became so hot,
that, — well the driver arose and stood up for a time, and let
the car stop for a little rest.”
The brothers then designed an engine they could mount on
a bicycle — one of the city’s first motorcycles. A World-Herald
profile of Otto on March 5, 1933, also credited the brothers
with building the city’s first X-ray machine, with operating
the “first motion picture machine at the first movie shown
here,” and with “inventing a sparkplug, a gasoline gauge and
various devices which brought them money and acclaim.”
Charles left Omaha for four years in the early 1900s,
touring the country as a balloonist and parachute jumper.
The modern parachute harness had not yet been invented.
Parachutists of the day straddled a sling and held onto a
trapeze bar. Charles’s specialty was the double jump. He
would let go of his parachute and free-fall for a few seconds
— while onlookers shrieked below — before a second chute

Two of the Baysdorfer brothers and their “Ottomobile” in
1898. Omaha World-Herald, March 5, 1933.

Charles Baysdorfer, pictured in the Omaha World-Herald,
July 19, 1925.

42

Nebraskaland

• October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

43

Charles Baysdorfer piloting the Comet during Omaha’s Ak-Sar-Ben carnival, Oct. 3, 1907. Postcard reads “Air-ship making
ascension from ‘King’s Highway’, Omaha Neb.” HISTORY NEBRASKA, RG3348-6-30

Two months before Baysdorfer’s first flight, Arch Hoxsey survived crashing his Wright flyer into an animal barn at the
Nebraska State Fair on Sept. 6, 1910. Hoxsey died in Los Angeles on Dec. 31 while trying to set a flight altitude record. Although
not from Nebraska himself, Hoxsey shares a cemetery plot with his father in Atkinson, Nebraska.
HISTORY NEBRASKA, RG3542-111-9

44

Nebraskaland

• October 2023

opened.
After Charles returned to Omaha in 1907, the brothers
built a dirigible airship — yet another Nebraska first. The
Comet’s hydrogen-filled silk gasbag was 52 feet long and
only capable of lifting one man. Its eight-horsepower engine
left it vulnerable to strong winds. Flying above the city on
Oct. 3, Charles was swept southward over the Missouri River.
Dropping to treetop level, he called to a fisherman below to
row out and catch the rope.
“Pull your own damned rope!” the man called back.
Other fishermen were more generous and brought the
airship down safely. A few weeks later, the Baysdorfers
entered the Comet in an airship race in St. Louis, but its
engine failed and the wind carried it to an inglorious landing
half a mile off course.
Within a few years, the Baysdorfers turned their attention
to airplanes. The aviation craze was in full swing when the
first “aeroplanes” flew in Nebraska in 1910. Glenn Curtiss —
rival of the Wright Brothers — led a five-day air show July 2327 in Omaha. On Sept. 6, Arch Hoxsey, of the Wright flying
team, crashed his plane into a stable at the Nebraska State
Fair in Lincoln, walking away with minor injuries.
The Baysdorfers’ first plane was based on Glenn Curtiss’s
design. Otto and Gus worked with the Curtiss mechanics
during the Omaha air show, and Curtiss himself visited the
Baysdorfer’s shop while he was in town. The brothers built

everything but the motor and propeller at their Omaha shop.
After the first flights at Waterloo, Charles and Gus made
some other Nebraska flights in 1911, but soon left the state
to tour with a nationally known aviation team. Charles was
still flying in 1912 when the New York World interviewed
his wife, Artye, for a Sept. 7 article “Constant Agony for the
Wives of the Aviators.”
By this time, so many prominent aviators had died in
crashes that there was serious talk of banning public
exhibition flights. Like most adventurers’ wives of the era,
Artye expressed confidence in her “sensible” and “coolheaded” husband, even while admitting that “I simply
cannot go to the field and watch him go up. … I just have to
shut my eyes and clench my fists and keep telling myself that
he is all right and that he will come back safely.”
Young women were attracted to pilots, Artye said, but
she warned that it was better to admire a pilot from the
grandstand “than to keep wondering all the time how long
it will be before your only remaining comfort will be to sit
dressed in black with nothing but his picture and his press
clippings to comfort you!”
A year later, Charles crashed into a mountain in Vermont
while doing stunt flying for the movie “The Battle in the
Clouds.” His engine failed during a mock bombing run. He
suffered burns and a broken leg, but Artye’s worst fears were
not realized. Charles survived, gave up flying and became a

A Wright flyer at the Nebraska State Fair, 1910.

October 2023 •

HISTORY NEBRASKA, RG3356-10-5

Nebraskaland

45

Read more about
early Nebraska
aviation
in “Wings
avia
Over
Ove Nebraska:
Historic
Aviation
Hist
Photographs,”
by
Pho
Vince
Vin Goeres with
Kylie
Ky Kinley.

commercial fisherman in Florida.
“I lost everything when I fell in Vermont nine years ago,”
Charles told the World-Herald in 1925. “I was in the hospital
six months, and my spine is still out of alignment from that
fall.”
Otto and Gus remained in Omaha, where the World-Herald
profiled them now and then as local heroes of invention. In
a July 10, 1949, interview, Gus told a reporter of Charles’s
latest invention: an anti-whirl fishing float that prevented
backlash. “Charley … just loves to fish,” Gus said. The
daredevil-turned-fisherman died in 1962 at age 84, the last of
the Baysdorfer brothers, and having outlived his wife, Artye,
by 30 years. N
Visit History Nebraska’s website at history.nebraska.gov.

BELOW: Though Baysdorfer made a powered flight first,
the best-known early Nebraska aviators are the Savidge
Brothers of Ewing. They built their first glider in 1907
and made their first powered flight in May 1911. They
barnstormed Nebraska and the Midwest until Matt Savidge
(shown here at the controls) died in a crash in 1916.

46

Nebraskaland

• October 2023

UPPER RIGHT: A Curtiss “aeroplane” at the Nebraska State
Fair, 1910. The Baysdorfers modeled their plane on Glenn
Curtiss’s design, which had diﬀerent controls than the rival
Wright flyer. HISTORY NEBRASKA, RG2929-0-390

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

47

The Sneaky Invasion of Non-native Cattails
Story and photos by Chris Helzer
ost people reading this probably look at wetlands or
lakes with dense accumulations of cattails without
thinking twice. After all, cattails are native to
Nebraska, and they’re a perfectly normal and healthy
part of a wetland ecosystem. Right?
I have bad news. An evil transformation has taken place
right beneath our noses. Cattails are no longer benign
wetland plants that accent the margins of our favorite water
bodies. They’ve become an aggressive occupying force that
has invaded many of our state’s best aquatic habitats. Within
those wetlands and lakes, as well as slower-moving rivers
and streams, this new version of cattail spreads in dense
formations. As it does, it chokes out other wetland vegetation
and smothers the open water habitat needed by waterfowl
and many other wildlife species.

M

How Did This Happen?
Here’s the quick answer: The native broad-leaved cattail
species (Typha latifolia) has been replaced by an invasive
cattail species from the east called narrow-leaved cattail
(Typha angustifolia). The invader can displace the native
species, but it can also hybridize with it, forming an equally, if
not more, aggressive organism (Typha x glauca). The invasion
has progressed so far that it’s become diﬃcult to find a stand
of native broad-leaved cattails in Nebraska.
Because the two species look very similar and the
invasion has happened gradually, it’s happened with very
little fanfare. Unfortunately, that means there’s been little
resistance put up by most land managers and landowners,
and many of our state’s best wet habitats are rapidly declining
in habitat quality. That’s not universally true, of course. In
the Rainwater Basin region, for example, habitat managers
have long been fighting against cattails, along with other
serious invaders like reed canarygrass that also form thick
monocultures at the expense of waterfowl and other wildlife
habitat. Other localized skirmishes with cattails are taking
place as well, but not at a scale that has slowed the broader
invasion.
Narrowleaf cattails at the Nature Conservancy’s
Platte River Prairies.

48

Nebraskaland • October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

49

wetlands or other sites that often dry up over the summer,
those practices are much easier. Other wetlands hold water
through most summers, making it much more diﬃcult to
attack cattails at that time of year.
If plants can be weakened during the previous summer, it
becomes more feasible to drown them the following spring.
While it seems illogical that a plant growing in water can
drown, cattails need access to oxygen in the air to survive.
In the spring, cattails can grow for a little while without
oxygen, but need to extend their leaves above the water
as soon as possible. The speed and amount of growth they
can manage without oxygen is tied to their carbohydrate
reserves. If the plants start the season underwater with low
reserves of carbohydrates, they may not be able to grow fast
or tall enough to break the water’s surface before they drown.
In addition to the energy they get from stored
carbohydrates, cattails have one other hack for growing
underwater. If the previous year’s dead stems are present,
those porous stalks have air trapped within them. Cattails
can draw oxygen from those stalks to make more eﬃcient use
of their carbohydrates and grow quickly. If those old stalks

have been removed, however, cattails that start their year
underwater are at a big disadvantage.
The reliance of cattails on last year’s stalks provides an
important opportunity for land managers. In addition to
reducing stored carbohydrate levels, managers can also burn
or mow any stalks left after the end of one growing season
so they won’t be there at the beginning of the next. If cattail
plants are low on energy reserves and don’t have their backup
option for accessing oxygen, it might only take a few inches
of water above the base of the plants to drown them.
One of the more active and experimental fights against
large scale cattail invasions in the Sandhills is taking place
at the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge. Staﬀ there have
been employing a variety of strategies to reduce the size,
density and impact of cattail patches to improve habitat and
provide better food resources for migratory birds. Treatments
include grazing, mowing, prescribed fire and herbicides, and
combinations of those treatments seem to show the most
promise. The results so far have ranged from disappointing
to spectacular, but it’s still too early to know why some
treatments seem to be eﬀective in one place but not another.

Narrowleaf cattail seeds at the Nature Conservancy’s Platte River Prairies.

Invasive cattails haven’t yet reached all the lakes and
wetlands across the state, but that result is starting to feel like
an inevitability. The best resistance strategy is to employ a
search-and-destroy tactic in wetlands where the invaders are
just starting to gain a foothold. Spot-spraying with aquaticlabeled herbicides can kill the plants, but that needs to happen
when the first small populations appear to prevent them from
mushrooming into massive hordes that defy easy solutions.
Once cattails have taken over a substantial portion of
a wetland, the objective of a land manager has to switch
from eradication to suppression. After several years of
establishment, those large populations seem to be immune to
complete destruction. Even a few stems that escape a control
treatment can quickly initiate a population recovery. More
importantly, cattails produce a tremendous amount of seed,
which can germinate and fill the space created by its nowdead predecessors. Suppression of large cattail invasions, at
least as we currently understand the situation, is a long-term
commitment.
Two broad kinds of approaches are generally used to
suppress big masses of cattails. The first is the use of an
aquatic-labeled herbicide to directly kill the plants. The

50

Nebraskaland • October 2023

second is to reduce the storage of carbohydrates by the plants
and then either drown them or otherwise kill them when
they’re weakened. Those two approaches can be combined, of
course, to enhance the eﬀectiveness of herbicide treatments
by reducing the vigor of cattails before spraying them.
The use of herbicides often comes with collateral damage.
In many cases, the goal isn’t simply to eradicate the cattails,
but to replace them with a more diverse plant community, at
least along wetland and stream banks. Spraying herbicides
that kill both the cattails and their potential replacements
isn’t ideal, but it may sometimes be the best available option.
Most importantly, it’s crucial to ensure that herbicides used
(and any surfactants or other additives) are labeled for
aquatic use and don’t negatively impact wildlife, including
invertebrates, in the area.
The spring growth of cattails is fueled by carbohydrates
stored during the previous growing season. After that
pulse of spring growth depletes carbohydrate reserves, the
plants spend the rest of the summer trying to rebuild them.
Interrupting the summer growth of cattails with practices
such as repeated grazing, mowing, disking or others can
limit the reserves cattails carry into the winter. In playa

Natural resource professionals look at the results of various cattail suppression strategies at Valentine National
Wildlife Refuge.

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

51

Knowing Which
Cattails are Native
and Which are
Invasive
Distinguishing native broad-leaved cattails from
invasive cattails can be difficult, but the best clue
can be found on the flowering stem. All cattail
flower spikes have a section of female flowers,
which resembles a hot dog, and a section of male
flowers above that. The male flowers drop off after
their pollen has been released, leaving what looks
like a rough or wrinkled section of stem.
The native broad-leaved cattails have no gap
between their female and male flower spikes.
Narrow-leaved and hybrid cattails, both of which
are invasive, have a gap of 1⁄2 inch to 4 inches
between the bottom (female) and top (male) flower
spikes. Unfortunately, cattails — especially hybrid
cattails — don’t always make flowers, so the best
identification characteristic might not be present.
If you’re facing a large, dense colony of cattails that
has spread over time, working to suppress that
colony is probably a good idea.

Native

Broad-leaved Cattail
Male flower
with pollen

Invasive

Narrow-leaved Cattail

Male flower
after pollen
drop

Smooth
stem
between
flowers on
narrowleaf
cattails

Cattails have invaded many Sandhills wetlands, like this one at the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge.

52

Nebraskaland • October 2023

a few native cattails. It wasn’t clear why that particular
treatment had worked there, but not elsewhere, but it was
inspiring to see the capacity of wetlands to recover if given
the chance.
It’s diﬃcult to prescribe specific approaches for cattail
control right now because we still have a lot to learn. What
does seem clear is that even the most successful control
results on large-scale cattail invasions will be temporary. It
will take consistent and repeated eﬀorts to prevent a cattail
monoculture from rising again. However, we’re continually

improving our techniques and some of the approaches (e.g.,
grazing) may end up paying for themselves.
While the challenge is great, the cost of doing nothing may
be catastrophic. Nebraska has some of the most incredible
wetlands on the continent, and they provide tremendous
benefits, both to wildlife and people. Saving them from a
devastating invasion seems well worthwhile. N

ARTWORK, TIM REIGERT, NEBRASKALAND

During the summer of 2022, the refuge hosted a field
day for wildlife biologists and land managers from across
the state. That group visited numerous examples of cattail
suppression attempts and discussed how to apply what
was being learned to future eﬀorts, both in the Sandhills
and beyond. While there was a lot of inconsistency in
the eﬀectiveness of treatments, there was also cause for
optimism. As an example, the tour stopped at a site that
had been a monoculture of cattails for decades but was now
covered with a broad diversity of wetland plants, including

Female
flower

Chris Helzer is the Nature Conservancy’s director of science
in Nebraska.
October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

53

MIXED BAG

MEET BIG SNAP DADDY
By Renae Blum

Meet the star of Schramm Education Center’s aquarium, Big
Snap Daddy. Weighing 98 pounds, he is considered the world’s
largest common snapping turtle. He is also estimated to be
over 90 years old. In the wild, common snapping turtles live an
average of 30 years and grow to be about 35 pounds.
Learn more about this remarkable creature from Schramm
Park superintendent and aquarium director Tony Korth.

celebrate his hatch day in September every year. Because
Nebraska snapping turtles typically hatch between August
and October, we are estimating he hatched during that time.
How did you measure his age?
Dr. Dennis Ferraro, a University of Nebraska-Lincoln
herpetologist, was able to estimate his age by looking at his
carapace, his caudal and tomia wear, as well as his size at
capture.
What does Big Snap eat?
He is fed several times a week, and he gets fish and raw
meat. Roadkill deer seems to be his favorite. Common
snapping turtles are omnivores, so they’ll eat whatever they
can, including plants, meat and carrion.
How do you feed him?
We have a long set of tongs that allow us to drop his food in
front of him safely.
How do you design a living space that’s appropriate for a
turtle like him?
Good lighting and good water quality is a must for keeping
any turtle. The tank has an excellent filtration system, and
we remove any uneaten food as soon as possible to keep the
water clean. Although he is not normally very active, we like
to have plenty of space for him. The aquarium that Big Snap
calls home is 600 gallons. We also built him a ledge that he
seems to enjoy hanging out under.

NOW ON DISPLAY.

P H O T O

C O N T E S T

Is he kept with other species?
We do have goldfish in the tank with him, and they clean
up after him. They pick algae oﬀ his shell, and they eat some
of the small bits of food that he won’t eat. They all seem to
get along together quite well.
Big Snap Daddy is a 98-pound common snapping turtle,
believed to be the largest in the world. You can see him at
Schramm Education Center. JEFF KURRUS, NEBRASKALAND

How did Big Snap come to be at Schramm?
An angler caught him from the Missouri River near Peru,
Nebraska. The angler originally planned to eat him but
decided that because the turtle was so large, he wanted to
share him and let other people see him. He was 47 pounds
when he was donated to us for display.
How long has he been at the Schramm aquarium?
Big Snap has been with us since the mid-1990s. We
54

Nebraskaland • October 2023

What’s his personality like?
He is still as aggressive as the day we received him, so we
must be extra careful with him if we’re feeding him or if we
need to be in the tank with him for cleaning.
He’s probably my favorite animal, mostly because of our
history together — I’ve worked here over 30 years, and he’s
been with us almost all of that time — and because he is so
impressive in size.
Schramm Education Center is located at 21502 West Highway
31 in Gretna and is open daily from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Learn more
at OutdoorNebraska.gov.

ENTER ON INSTAGRAM USING THE HASHTAG:

#nebraskaland2023

For a complete list of rules,
visit NebraskalandMagazine.com

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

55

MIXED BAG

OFF THE SPOOKY PATH
By Renae Blum and Jeff Kurrus

Visitors take part in the pumpkin roll contest during
the annual Spooktacular event at Branched Oak State
Recreation Area in Lancaster County. ERIC FOWLER, NEBRASKALAND

Experience Halloween in a unique way — at a Nebraska
state park. Upcoming events across the state combine all the
fun of Halloween with a beautiful, scenic outdoor setting. From
haunted hayrack rides to pumpkin carving, trick-or-treating
and ghostly trails, there is something for visitors of all ages to
enjoy. Here are some of our favorite events this year.

Friday, Oct. 13
Trick-or-Treat at the Town – Indian Cave State Park
5:30 p.m.-7:30 p.m. – Follow the decorated trail through the
old town of St. Deroin to find candy and perhaps a ghost
or two.

Saturday, Oct. 14
Brewing with Fun – Eugene T. Mahoney State Park
2 p.m.-4 p.m. at Kountze Memorial Theater – Get dressed
up in your favorite costume and join the costume parade.
Stay to carve pumpkins and check out the decorated
campsites.
Halloween at Fremont Lakes – Fremont Lakes State
Recreation Area
5 p.m.-7 p.m. – Can your campsite come out on top in the
decorating contest? Kids are invited to participate in trickor-treating as well.
Hallowfest – Ponca State Park
From a pumpkin roll obstacle course to haunted hayrack
rides, you don’t want to miss the 25th anniversary of
Ponca’s Hallowfest. Campsite and cabin decorating
contests will take place as well. Reserve your spot for the
hayrack rides on Monday, October 9, at 8 a.m.
Halloween Haunt – Johnson Lake State Recreation Area
This event features plenty of fun for the kids in the family,
with everything from pumpkin painting to kids’ games
56

Nebraskaland • October 2023

and trick-or-treating. Small prizes will be awarded to
winners of the campsite decorating contest.

Saturday, Oct. 21
Pumpkin Carvers Event – Calamus State Recreation Area
9:30 a.m.-10 p.m. – Pumpkins are the star of the show at this
event, with a pumpkin rolling competition and pumpkin
carving. Visitors can also enjoy decorated campsites and
trick-or-treating.
Jack-O-Lantern Junk and Craft Market – Indian Cave
State Park
10 a.m.-5 p.m. – Find a unique treasure at this event, where
vendors will be selling everything from A to Z. At 11 a.m.,
the Pink Pumpkin Walk will raise money for cancer. Join us
from 3:30-5 p.m. for the Trick-or-Treat by the Buses event.
Halloween in the Hollow – Ash Hollow State Historical
Park
2 p.m.-6 p.m. – Celebrate Halloween with the ghosts of the
Oregon Trail. Events include pumpkin picking, hayrack
rides and a scavenger hunt. The costume contest begins
at 4:30 p.m. At 5 p.m., Trunk or Treat, sponsored by
Game and Parks conservation officers, area EMS and law
enforcement, will begin.
Spooktacular – Branched Oak State Recreation Area
3:30 p.m.-9 p.m. at the Middle Oak Campground – Bring
the whole family to enjoy pumpkin rolling and carving,
a costume contest and a campsite decorating contest.
There will also be a haunted hayrack ride, but tickets
must be purchased in advance. Call 402-783-3400 for more
information.
Hallowfest – Ponca State Park
The second weekend of Ponca’s 25th anniversary of
Hallowfest will also include a pumpkin roll obstacle course,
campsite and cabin decorating contests and haunted
hayrack rides. Reservations for the hayrack rides take
place on Monday, October 9, at 8 a.m.

Friday, Oct. 28 - Saturday, Oct. 29
Vintage Halloween – Arbor Lodge State Historical Park
11 a.m. – 4 p.m. – Step back in time to see Halloween
history, customs and games at Arbor Lodge Mansion, the
jewel of this beautiful, and spooky, state historical park.
Haunted Camping – Enders State Recreation Area
Wander the haunted trail, enjoy fall breezes on a hayrack
ride and compete in a campsite decorating contest at the
Area A campground.
Please note: These aren’t the only areas in Nebraska’s state
park system that will be hosting Halloween events this year.
For a complete list, visit Calendar.OutdoorNebraska.gov. And
always remember — where there are campsites, there are
campsite decorations.
October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

57

MIXED BAG

58

Nebraskaland • October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

59

PORTRAITS FROM THE PAST

Catfishing at Two Rivers, circa 1979
Your October 2022 issue is another keeper. The
catfish picture got me to consider a family photo
from the 1970s.
Uncle Mick Stewart is displaying the trout he and
nephew, Bob Hladik Jr., caught at Two Rivers trout
lake circa 1979.
Today, Mick and Bob’s dad, Bob Hladik Sr. (me),
encourage first-time anglers to join them at Mick
and Bob’s Fall Fish Camps at area lakes.
– Bob Hladik, Omaha

Flathead catfishing, Genoa, 1974
On Saturday, Sept. 21,1974, Emil “Buddy” Drozd and Charlie “Chief”
Drozd decided to try their luck fishing. The day turned successful with
the fishermen landing flathead catfish weighing 51, 37 and 33 pounds
respectfully. Buddy and Chief were lifelong anglers in Genoa.
– Emil Drozd, Genoa

A Nebraska mallard hunt
Mallards near Valley in the 1970s.
Left to right: Gary Dross, Omaha; L.J. Stark (me) and
Bob Cameron, both from Prior Lake, Minnesota.
– Lowell J. Stark, Prior Lake, Minnesota

Pheasant hunting in the 1930s
My grandpa, Fred Mihulka, and his son, Ray, are pictured here with the Brunken family relatives along with a few salesmen for
an Omaha auto parts company. Grandpa Fred could fire a shotgun from the hip. He duck hunted on the Platte and Loup rivers
with wooden decoys. The tradition followed through the generations and my son and I duck and goose hunt regularly.
– Keith Milhulka, Columbus

Deer hunting near Oconto, 1985
From the late 1970s into the early 2000s, many days were filled with hunting anything from dove, duck, geese, pheasant,
turkey and whitetail. These photos were taken approximately November 1985 northeast of Oconto in central Nebraska. In
the photo (left to right) are Jim Stumpf (my dad), Pete Hess and Quentin Moore. Not pictured is Tom Moore (Quentin’s son),
who harvested the fourth whitetail buck and took this photo. These guys would travel most of the state and venture into
Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Alaska. Pete and Quentin are now hunting in the great outdoors in heaven and are missed here,
but not forgotten. It’s a shame they didn’t take more pictures. Dad would be thrilled.
– Jeff Stumpf, Omaha
Send contributions to: Portraits from the Past, Nebraskaland Magazine, P.O. Box 30370, Lincoln, NE 68503-0370. Or e-mail to Tim.Reigert@Nebraska.gov.
Photos should show people enjoying Nebraska outdoor activities, such as camping, boating, hunting or fishing, and must have been taken before 2000. We will give
priority to unusual photos or activities. When possible, please include a story about the photograph and identify the people, places and approximate date it was
taken. Text may be edited and photos adjusted for reproduction. All photos will be returned.

60

Nebraskaland • October 2023

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

61

THE LAST STOP

TYLER MOORE

PROTECTING THE FLOCK
By Tyler Moore, Bellevue University
With more than 15,000 described
species of ants, as noted in “Bolton’s
Catalogue of the Ants of the
World,” these organisms are among
the world’s most successful and
represent a total estimated biomass
of 12 megatons. They have also
long been the subject of amateur
naturalists and scientists, with
perhaps no behavior more intriguing
than the “farming” of aphids.
Aphids are commonly known
to gardeners as a pest. They
suck nutritious juices from plant
stems, causing crop damage and
transmitting plant diseases. This
plant-sucking
characteristic
is
precisely why ants value aphids.

62

Nebraskaland • October 2023

Ants have been shown to raise
aphids in order to harvest their
sugar-rich waste secretions known
as honeydew. This relationship is
symbiotic, because aphid colonies
collapse when ants are removed.
So, what benefit do the ants provide
the aphids? Ants are not the only
species hungry for the sugary rich
fluids of aphids. Instead of consuming
the honeydew, predaceous insects,
such as lady beetles or syrphid fly
larvae, squish aphids and suck out
their juices. Ants protect their flock
of aphids by aggressively warding oﬀ
aphid predators. In fact, aphids have
been shown to secrete dopamine
in their honeydew to increase ant

aggression.
I watched this syrphid fly larva
capture, squish and desiccate this
aphid over the course of several
minutes. All the while, a pair of ants
patrolled the larva and sampled its
scents with their antennae.
I did not witness any aggression
toward the syrphid fly larva by
the ants. Perhaps the single aphid
casualty was an acceptable loss. Or,
alternatively, perhaps the ants had
already returned to the colony with a
pheromone trail leading back to the
larva. If so, I would not expect the
syrphid fly to last much longer.
Even the most voracious insects
are no match for a colony of ants.

October 2023 •

Nebraskaland

63

Position: 1065 (2 views)